Engineering Functional Bispecific Cytokine Agonists: Comparing Antibody–Cytokine Fusions & VHH-Derived Agonist Bispecifics

  • Reframing cytokines by attenuation of potency and cis activation
  • Contrasting antibody cytokine fusions versus VHH-based strategies to highlight key trade-offs in potency, receptor geometry, selectivity, and safety
  • Optimising on-target immune agonism through rational format and engineering choices to maximise efficacy while minimising systemic toxicity